Clinical use of methicillin led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which quickly spread and became a major nosocomial pathogen worldwide. Since MRSA is resistant to most β-lactam drugs except the new advanced 5th generation agents, treatment options are limited and infection control practices are needed to help control its dissemination.
Muscle contraction is produced by relative sliding between actin and myosin filaments, which in turn is caused by cyclic attachment and detachment between myosin heads extending from myosin filaments and corresponding myosin-binding sites in actin filaments. When attached to actin filaments, myosin heads are believed to perform power stroke to produce unitary filament sliding, and then detach from them to perform recovery stroke to return to their initial position.
Acinetobacter baumannii has become a clinical and epidemiological relevant microorganism word wide. Several studies reveal aspects important to this pathogen to cause infectious disease, such as membrane proteins apoptosis-inducing, biofilm formation, resistance to oxidative stress, besides of their potential to acquire antimicrobial resistance genes.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly contagious viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a public health concern worldwide. The disease is mainly transmitted between humans by respiratory droplets with clinical outcomes ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe conditions
Plants cannot escape from their enemies, as they are sessile. Plants are also not dependent upon external source of metabolite to get rid of their enemies. Plant defense and immunity is totally inbuilt. Either plant try to self-destroy the part under the pathogen attack or plants use various secondary metabolites to restrict their pathogen. In spite of these protections, diseases are always exception as plant pathogens have developed different strategies to overcome the plant defense and to survive in the hostile host environment.
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Authors
Helena P Felgueiras*; M Teresa P Amorim
Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), Department of Textile Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém,
4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Published Online: Jun 28, 2019
